ECHORVES - Horizontal Vessel / Equipment Foundation Design

ECHORVES application is used to design the foundation for a Horizontal Vessel Equipment or Single Heat Exchanger or a Stacked Heat Exchanger (maximum of two heat exchangers one above the another in the vertical direction) Equipment using very limited available information at any stage of the Project Phases (Proposal or FEED or Detail Engineering or EPC Phases of the Project).
ECPlus applications are designed as a wizard type which is a step by step guided input procedure. If you are new to EC Plus applications, click here for general guidance to use all EC Plus applications.
ECHORVES is used to design all types of Horizontal Equipment Foundations. The common types of the horizontal equipment are covered under the following two categories.
1. Horizontal Vessel Equipment
2. Horizontal Heat Exchanger (Single Heat Exchanger or Stacked Heat Exchanger)

Prerequisites: The user is expected to have a basic understanding of equipment foundation design concepts. However, the program is very user friendly even for civil engineering graduate trainees.
The minimum input data required to use this application are as follows:

• ❶ Soil data such as Safe Bearing Capacity, Density of Soil, Angle of Internal Friction, Co- efficient of internal friction between bottom of foundation/soil, Ground Water Table and other soil parameters, reinforced concrete properties, Allowable Stability Safety Factors, etc., which are to be defined in the settings by the User
• ❷ Design Options
• ❸ Equipment Geometric Data
• ❹ Pedestal and footing / pad information
• ❺ Design parameters for environmental design loads of such as wind and seismic, as per country code requirements

Following sections are presented with various input pages of ECHORVES application with descriptions:

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Design Options

This page allows the user to select the foundation support type, equipment type, design standard and unit.

Foundation Type

Select if the foundation is supported on Soil or Pile
The user-friendly radio button option is selected by the user according to the foundation type. The application is having option to select the foundation type as on Soil Supported or Pile-Supported. Presently, only soil supported option is available. Based on selection, the input field as applicable to the foundation type is enabled for the user to exercise information as required for design the foundation.

Pile option is now available as beta version.

Design Standard

Select the National Standard for the design. Available Standards: ☉British, ☉European and ☉ American.

Unit

It displays the active unit. The unit   Change   button is displayed when ☉American Standard is selected.

British and European Standards cannot be selected when Imperial unit is active.

Change

Click this button to open the unit change pop-up dialog.

☐  Reset all Input Data
This option will reset the input data from the current unit to change (new) unit under American Standard option. This option is recommended if the job is new and no input data has been entered yet.

☐  Convert Dimensions and Properties
This option allows to convert all the previously entered input data except Load data to the new unit.

☐  Convert Loads
This option allows to convert previously entered load data to the new unit.

Note: Both Convert Dimensions and Properties and Convert Loads options can be used simultaneously to convert all the previously entered input values to the new unit.

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Equipment Data

This page allows the user to enter the equipment data as per equipment type selected in the Design Options.

Tag No

Enter the tag number of the equipment based on equipment data sheet.

Equipment Type

Select if the type of equipment used is an Exchanger or Horizontal Vessel

☉Exchanger: Select this option to design the foundation for a single exchanger or a stacked exchanger.

Heat Exchanger is a shell and tube type horizontal equipment used for cooling the hot liquids with cooling water by the surface contact between two mediums. The shell end will have a fixed type saddle and channel end is with sliding type saddle.

☉Horizontal Vessel: Select this option to design the foundation for a horizontal vessel.

Horizontal Vessel is a pressure vessel used for storage of liquids. Any one end of this vessel will have a fixed type saddle and another end is with sliding type saddle.

No of Saddles

▽ 2: Select this option to add two number of saddles as Fixed End and Sliding End.
▽ 3: Select this option to add three number of saddles as Fixed End, Sliding Mid and Sliding End.

Corrosion Allowance - C_af

Enter the corrosion allowance factor in % for the equipment based on input. Normally, this input is in “mm” or “inches” based on unit used in the project which is to be converted as a percentage (%) with respect to original thickness of shell.
Corrosion Allowance Factor (C_af) = {(Original Thickness – Corrosion Allowance) / (Original Thickness)} x 100.
↔ Range: 0 to 90 %

Friction Coefficient ( Saddle to Pedestal ) - μ_slide

Enter the friction coefficient based on type of materials used between bottom of equipment saddle and top surface of the pedestal.
A sliding plate is generally used between the surfaces to reduce the transfer of longitudinal shear forces to the pedestals due to thermal forces, bundle pull forces, wind and/or earthquake forces.
ECHORVES estimates the longitudinal forces based on statics due to applied external loads as listed above. If user provides a coefficient of friction value greater than zero, the program calculates the force required to overcome the friction developed at the sliding surfaces. If this friction force is less than the longitudinal forces, the friction force is considered for the design of the pedestal at sliding end support and the higher of friction or remaining forces is used for the pedestal at fixed end support. If the longitudinal force is less than the friction force, the longitudinal force is considered for the design of the pedestal at fixed and sliding ends.

The following general guide lines shall be used by the user for slide plates.
Slide plate may not be required for small, lightly loaded exchangers or vessels. However, in case of heavy exchangers / vessels or exchangers with large thermal growth will be provided with low- friction Teflon slide plates.
The exchangers with bundle pull may be provided with steel slide plates instead of Teflon plates for more economical foundation design of system.
The coefficient of friction of slide plates shall vary based on slide plate material, temperature and pressure. Hence, the value shall be obtained from the catalogue or manufacturer. In the absence of information, the following values may be used for reference.

↔ Range: 0 to 1

Co-efficient of Thermal Expansion - α

Enter the co-efficient of thermal expansion for the equipment based on material type used for the manufacturing of the equipment as per input data.
↔ Range: 0.1 to 20 /°C (0.1 to 20 /°F)
The co-efficient of thermal expansion for steel material is 12 x 10^-6 / degree (6.67 x 10^-6 / Fahrenheit) is already stored as a default in the ECHORVES Program. The value is to be changed by the user based on equipment material.

Single Exchanger Geometry

Click the Exchanger Geometry button to open the exchanger geometry change pop-up dialog and select the No. of Exchangers (N_e) as “Single” using pull down menu option.

No of Exchangers

As explained above, select whether to design with one or two exchangers using pull down menu.

Exchanger Diameter - D₁

Enter the diameter of the exchanger (D₁) as per input. D₁ indicates first exchanger diameter. The 2^nd exchanger diameter is not applicable due to single exchanger. This information is used by the program to represent in the picture as per scale and also used for a cross line validation during wind calculation by the program.
↔ Range: 200 to 10000 mm (8 to 400 inches)

Spacing between Saddles - S_s

Enter the spacing between the saddles (S_s) as per input. This information is used to calculate thermal growth of the equipment. In addition, based on Isolated Foundation size and the gap available between saddle supports is less than 1000mm, a recommendation is advised by the program to proceed for Combined Foundation instead of Isolated Foundation.
↔ Range: 500 to 50000 mm (20 to 2000 inches)

Length of the Exchanger - L

Enter the length of the exchanger (L) based on input. This information is used by the program to represent in the picture as per scale and also used for a cross line validation during wind calculation by the program.
↔ Range: 1000 to 60000 mm (40 to 2400 inches)

TOG to C/L of Exchanger - H_cl

Enter the height to centre line of exchanger dimension (H_cl) from the top of the grout (TOG). This input is used to transfer program calculated shear forces due to Wind / Seismic / Bundle Pull to support level as a pull / push forces in the longitudinal direction and as a moment in the transverse direction.
↔ Range: 100 to 10000 mm (4 to 400 inches)

FGL to Saddle Base (Height above Ground) - H_ag

Enter the height of the pedestal above ground (H_ag). This is the height to saddle base / top of the pedestal grout from the high point of paving (HPP) or finished ground level (FGL).
↔ Range: 100 to 10000 mm (4 to 400 inches)

Double Exchanger Geometry

Click the Exchanger Geometry button to open the exchanger geometry change pop-up dialog and select the No. of Exchangers (N_e) as “Double” using pull down menu option.

No of Exchangers

As explained above, select whether to design with one or two exchangers using pull down menu.

Exchanger Diameter (Lower) - D₁

Enter the diameter of the lower exchanger (D₁) as per input. D₁ indicates first exchanger diameter. This information is used by the program to represent in the picture as per scale and also used for a cross line validation during wind calculation by the program.
↔ Range: 200 to 10000 mm (8 to 400 inches)

Exchanger Diameter (Higher) - D₂

Enter the diameter of the higher exchanger (D₂) as per input. D₂ indicates second exchanger diameter. This information is used by the program to represent in the picture as per scale and also used for a cross line validation during wind calculation by the program.
↔ Range: 200 to 10000 mm (8 to 400 inches)

Spacing between Stacked Exchangers - S_e

Enter the spacing height between the two staked exchangers (S_v) in the vertical direction. This is the distance between centre line of the lower exchanger and the higher exchanger.
↔ Range: 500 to 10000 mm (20 to 400 inches)

Spacing between Saddles - S_s

Enter the spacing between the saddles (S_s) as per input. This information is used to calculate thermal growth of the equipment. In addition, based on Isolated Foundation size and the gap available between saddle supports is less than 1000mm, a recommendation is advised by the program to proceed for Combined Foundation instead of Isolated Foundation.
↔ Range: 500 to 50000 mm (20 to 2000 inches)

Length of the Exchanger - L

Enter the length of the exchanger (L) based on input. This information is used by the program to represent in the picture as per scale and also used for a cross line validation during wind calculation by the program.
↔ Range: 1000 to 60000 mm (40 to 2400 inches)

TOG to C/L of Exchanger - H_cl

Enter the height to centre line of the lower exchanger dimension (H_cl) from the top of the grout (TOG). This input is used to transfer program calculated shear forces due to Wind / Seismic / Bundle Pull to support level as a pull / push forces in the longitudinal direction and as a moment in the transverse direction.
↔ Range: 100 to 10000 mm (4 to 400 inches)

FGL to Saddle Base (Height above Ground) - H_ag

Enter the height of the pedestal above ground (H_ag). This is the height to saddle base / top of the pedestal grout from the high point of paving (HPP) or finished ground level (FGL).
↔ Range: 100 to 10000 mm (4 to 400 inches)

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Vessel Geometry

Click the Vessel Geometry button to open the vessel geometry change pop-up dialog to provide input.

Vessel Diameter - D₁

Enter the diameter of the horizontal vessel (D₁) as per input. This information is used by the program to represent in the picture as per scale and also used for a cross line validation during wind calculation by the program.
↔ Range: 200 to 10000 mm (8s to 400 inches)

Spacing between Saddles - S_s

Enter the spacing between the saddles (S_s) as per input. This information is used to calculate thermal growth of the equipment. In addition, based on Isolated Foundation size and the gap available between saddle supports is less than 1000mm, a recommendation is advised by the program to proceed for Combined Foundation instead of Isolated Foundation.
↔ Range: 500 to 50000 mm (20 to 2000 inches)

Length of the Vessel - L

Enter the length of the horizontal vessel (L) based on input. This information is used by the program to represent in the picture as per scale and also used for a cross line validation during wind calculation by the program.
↔ Range: 1000 to 60000 mm (40 to 2400 inches)

TOG to C/L of Exchanger - H_cl

Enter the height to centre line of horizontal vessel dimension (H_cl) from the top of the grout (TOG). This input is used to transfer program calculated shear forces due to Wind/Seismic/Bundle Pull to support level as a pull / push forces in the longitudinal direction and as a moment in the transverse direction.
↔ Range: 100 to 10000 mm (4 to 400 inches)

FGL to Saddle Base (Height above Ground) - H_ag

Enter the height of the pedestal above ground (H_ag). This is the height to saddle base/top of the pedestal grout from the high point of paving (HPP) or finished ground level (FGL).
↔ Range: 100 to 10000 mm (4 to 400 inches)

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Exchanger / Vessel Temperature

This page allows to enter the exchanger / vessel temperature details.

Positive Differential (Expansion) Temperature at Operating / Sustained Conditions - Δ_ps

The difference between equipment maximum operating/design temperature and installed temperature is calculated by the user and the average temperature is entered as a positive differential temperature to calculate thermal expansion of the equipment at operating / sustained conditions.
↔ Range: 0 to 500 ^◦C

Negative Differential (Contraction) Temperature at Operating / Sustained Conditions - Δ_ns

The difference between equipment minimum operating/design temperature and installed temperature is calculated by the user and the average temperature is entered as a negative differential temperature to calculate thermal contraction of the equipment at operating / sustained conditions.
↔ Range: 0 to 500 ^◦C

Positive Differential (Expansion) Temperature at Test / Temporary conditions - Δ_pt

The difference between equipment maximum exposure to atmospheric/ambient temperature and installed temperature is calculated by the user and the average temperature is entered as a positive differential temperature to calculate thermal expansion of the equipment at temporary conditions or stat-up/shut-down conditions.
↔ Range: 0 to 500 ^◦C

Negative Differential (Contraction) Temperature at Test / Temporary conditions - Δ_nt

The difference between equipment minimum exposure to atmospheric/ambient temperature and installed temperature is calculated by the user and the average temperature is entered as a negative differential temperature to calculate thermal contraction of the equipment at temporary conditions or stat-up/shut-down conditions.
↔ Range: 0 to 500 ^◦C

As per clause 4.1.7.4C of PIP STC01015-2017, an additional 20degree Celsius (30degree Fahrenheit) minimum shall be added to the maximum atmospheric / ambient temperature of any steel directly exposed to sunlight without any insulation or shade etc., or based on engineering judgement.

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Foundation Data

This page allows the user to enter the foundation data to design as a combined or isolated type foundation. Based on selected foundation type, pedestal, footing information and soil cover in case of any reduction as stipulated in the project.

Foundation Type

Select whether to use Combined or Isolated.
The user may judge and select the option based on spacing between fixed and sliding ends. In addition, based on Isolated Foundation size an d the gap available between saddle supports is less than 1000mm, a recommendation is advised by the program to proceed for Combined Foundation instead of Isolated Foundation.
The Isolated foundation design is having option to select typical or non-typical footing for fixed/sliding ends. In general, both pedestals are designed with same size and detailing. However, if the user prefers to design independently according to the forces subjected to the pedestals, an option is provided for the user to exercise.

☐   Typical Footing for Fixed / Sliding Ends:
Check this option to use typical footing for both fixed and sliding ends. As similar to pedestals, the footings are also designed with same size and detailed. However, if the user prefers to design independently according to the forces subjected to the pedestals/footings, an option is provided for the user to exercise.

Reduction in Soil Cover - S_cr

The reduction in soil cover from the high point of paving (HPP) or finished ground level (FGL). is provided as an input by the user as per requirements or user choice to account in the design. In the absence of information, the default value of zero for no reduction in soil cover is considered.
↔ Range: 0 to 5000 mm (0 to 200 inches)

Pedestal Dimensions

Click this button to open the pedestal dimension pop-up dialog. The pedestal design is having option to select typical or non-typical pedestal design for fixed / sliding ends.

☐   Typical Pedestal Design:
Select this option to use typical pedestal design for both fixed and sliding end.

Pedestal at Fixed End

Size in X Direction - P_fx

Enter the size of pedestal in X direction at fixed end (P_fx). This dimension is decided by the user based on equipment fixed end saddle width which is parallel to the longitudinal direction of the heat exchanger or horizontal vessel. The minimum size shall be 250mm (10 inches) or slide plate width + 100mm (4 inches) or as required to accommodate anchor bolt edge distance from the bolt location.
↔ Range: 200 to 3000 mm (8 to 120 inches)

Size in Z Direction - P_fz

Enter the size of pedestal in Z direction at fixed end (P_fz). This dimension is decided by the user based on fixed end saddle length which is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the heat exchanger or horizontal vessel. The minimum size shall be slide plate depth + 100mm (4 inches) or as required to accommodate anchor bolt edge distance from the bolt location.
↔ Range: 200 to 20000 mm (8 to 800 inches)

Pedestal at Sliding End

Size in X Direction - P_sx

Enter the size of pedestal in X direction at sliding end. This dimension is decided by the user based on equipment sliding end saddle width which is parallel to the longitudinal direction of the heat exchanger or horizontal vessel. The minimum size shall be 250mm (10 inches) or slide plate width + 100mm (4 inches) or as required to accommodate anchor bolt edge distance from the bolt location.
↔ Range: 200 to 3000 mm (8 to 120 inches)

Size in Z Direction - P_sz

Enter the size of pedestal in Z direction at sliding end. This dimension is decided by the user based on sliding end saddle length which is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the heat exchanger or horizontal vessel. The minimum size shall be slide plate depth + 100mm (4 inches) or as required to accommodate anchor bolt edge distance from the bolt location.
↔ Range: 200 to 20000 mm (8 to 800 inches)

Isolated Footing - Fixed / Sliding Mid / Sliding End

Click this button to open the isolated footing at fixed or sliding end pop-up dialog. As per ECHORVES, the position of Sliding End is always at left side of the equipment and Fixed End is always at right side of the equipment. Hence, the user must provide input according to these criteria.

☐   Pedestal at Center of Footing:
Select this option to center the pedestal with respect to the footing. This facility ensures the position of the pedestal at center with respect to the footing. The selection of this option will disable the position of pedestal location in X and Z directions.

Foundation Depth - D_f

Enter the depth of the foundation (D_f) with respect to High Point of Paving high point of paving (HPP) or finished ground level (FGL).
↔ Range: 0 to 5000 mm (0 to 200 inches)

Footing Thickness - T_f

Enter the thickness of the footing (T_f) based on minimum footing thickness criteria as stipulated in the project design basis.
↔ Range: 100 to 10000 mm (4 to 400 inches)

Length of Footing - L_f

Enter the length of the footing (L_f). The length of footing dimension is always parallel to the longitudinal direction of the heat exchanger or horizontal vessel.
↔ Range: 300 to 100000 mm (12 to 4000 inches)

Breadth of Footing - B_f

Enter the breadth of the footing (B_f). The breadth of footing dimension is always perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the heat exchanger or horizontal vessel.
↔ Range: 300 to 100000 mm (12 to 4000 inches)

Pedestal Loc. in X-Dir - X

Enter the location of the pedestal in X direction (X). This option is enabled to the user only if the pedestal at centre of footing option is not selected. The centre of the pedestal is positioned based on left bottom of the respective footing as an origin.
↔ Range: 0 to 100000 mm (0 to 4000 inches)

Pedestal Loc. in Z-Dir - Z

Enter the location of the pedestal in Z direction (Z). This option is enabled to the user only if the pedestal at centre of footing option is not selected. The centre of the pedestal is positioned based on left bottom of the respective footing as an origin.
↔ Range: 0 to 100000 mm (0 to 4000 inches)

Combined Footing

Click this button to open the combined footing pop-up dialog. As per ECHORVES, the position of Sliding End is always at left side of the equipment and Fixed End is always at right side of the equipment. Hence, the user must provide input according to these criteria.

Foundation Depth - D_f

Enter the depth of the foundation (D_f) with respect to High Point of Paving high point of paving (HPP) or finished ground level (FGL).
↔ Range: 0 to 5000 mm (0 to 200 inches)

Footing Thickness - T_f

Enter the thickness of the footing (T_f) based on minimum footing thickness criteria as stipulated in the project design basis.
↔ Range: 100 to 10000 mm (4 to 400 inches)

Length of Footing (L_f)

The length of footing dimension is always parallel to the longitudinal direction of the heat exchanger or horizontal vessel.
↔ Range: 300 to 100000 mm (12 to 4000 inches)

Breadth of Footing (B_f)

The breadth of footing dimension is always perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the heat exchanger or horizontal vessel.

Projection Left End - P_rl

Enter the projection at the left end. The extension/projection is calculated from the left edge of the sliding end pedestal. This is the clear distance between left end of the footing from the left edge of the sliding end pedestal.
↔ Range: 0 to 20000 mm (0 to 800 inches)

Projection Right End - P_rr

Enter the projection at right end. The extension/projection is calculated from the right edge of the fixed end pedestal. This is the clear distance between right end of the footing from the right edge of the fixed end pedestal.
↔ Range: 0 to 20000 mm (0 to 800 inches)

Projection Near End - P_rn

Enter the projection at near end. The extension/projection is calculated from the bottom edge of the pedestal. This is the clear distance between bottom end of the footing from the bottom edge of the fixed/sliding end pedestals.
↔ Range: 0 to 20000 mm (0 to 800 inches)

Projection Far End - P_rf

Enter the projection at far end. The extension/projection is calculated from the top edge of the pedestal. This is the clear distance between top end of the footing from the top edge of the fixed/sliding end pedestals.
↔ Range: 0 to 20000 mm (0 to 800 inches)

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Rebars and Anchor Bolts

This page allows the user to enter reinforcement and anchor bolt details.

Clear Cover for Pedestal - C_p

Enter the clear cover for pedestal (C_p) reinforcements as per input.
↔ Range: 15 to 150 mm (0.5 to 6 inches)

Clear Cover for Footing - C_f

Enter the clear cover for footing (C_f) reinforcements as per input.
↔ Range: 15 to 150 mm (0.5 to 6 inches)

Combined Footing

Click this button to open the reinforcement for combined footing pop-up dialog to provide reinforcements input in X and Z directions at top and bottom of the footing. The reinforcement diameter and spacing are supplied as input which is validated by the program against actual capacity with required capacity. The total area of the reinforcements with percentage (%) in each direction is shown below the reinforcement diagram for user quick reference. This is useful for the user to take any decision to modify already provided data for reinforcements. In the case of the combined footing, the top and bottom longitudinal reinforcements in the X-direction are main tension reinforcements which are to be satisfied for the minimum % tension reinforcement for slab/footing as applicable to the selected country code. The transverse reinforcements in the z direction are secondary reinforcements which are to be satisfied for the minimum % of temperature reinforcement for slab / footing as to the selected country code. However, the user has option to provide input based on analysis results, engineering judgement to satisfy any code requirements.

Size (mm or # No.)

Select the size of length and breadth reinforcement for both bottom and top layers.
↔ Range: 4 to 60 mm

Spacing (mm or in)

Enter the spacing of length and breadth reinforcement for both bottom and top layers.
↔ Range: 20 to 450 mm (1 to 18 inches)

Fixed / Sliding Mid / Sliding End Pedestal - Reinforcement

Click this button to open the reinforcement for fixed / sliding end pedestal to provide vertical reinforcements input in X and Z directions. The reinforcement diameter and spacing are supplied as input which will position the reinforcements in all face of the pedestal. Based on these reinforcements, the program calculates actual capacity to compare with required capacity. The total area of the reinforcements with percentage (%) is shown below the reinforcement diagram for user reference. This helps user to take any decision to modify already provided data for reinforcements.
In addition, provision is available to enter ties diameter, spacing and number of ties as required

Size

Enter the size of main reinforcement for fixed / sliding end pedestal.
↔ Range: 4 to 60 mm

Spacing

Enter the spacing of main reinforcement for fixed / sliding end pedestal.
↔ Range: 20 to 450 mm (1 to 18 inches)

Size of bar - D_s

Enter the size of bar for ties of fixed / sliding end pedestal reinforcement.
↔ Range: 4 to 60 mm

Spacing - S_s

Enter the spacing for ties of fixed / sliding end pedestal reinforcement.
↔ Range: 20 to 450 mm (1 to 18 inches)

Ties at Every

Select to specify if intermediate ties are provided and for every or alternative vertical reinforcement. Select zero if no intermediate ties are provided.

Isolated Footing

Fixed End, Sliding Mid and Sliding End Footing Reinforcement

Click this button to open the reinforcement for isolated footing pop-up dialog. to provide reinforcements input in X and Z directions at top and bottom of the footing. The reinforcement diameter and spacing are supplied as input which is validated by the program against actual capacity with required capacity. The total area of the reinforcements with percentage (%) in each direction is shown below the reinforcement diagram for user quick reference. This is useful for the user to take any decision to modify already provided data for reinforcements. In the case of the isolated footing, the bottom reinforcements in the X-direction and z directions are main tension reinforcements which are to be satisfied for the minimum % tension reinforcement for slab/footing as applicable to the selected country code. The top reinforcements in the x and z directions are secondary reinforcements which are to be satisfied for the minimum % of temperature reinforcement for slab/footing as applicable to the selected country code. However, the user has option to provide input based on analysis results, engineering judgement to satisfy code requirements.

Size

Select the size of length and breadth reinforcement for both bottom and top layers.
↔ Range: 4 to 60 mm

Spacing

Enter the spacing of length and breadth reinforcement for both bottom and top layers.
↔ Range: 20 to 450 mm (1 to 18 inches)

Anchor Bolts

Click this button to open the anchor bolt details popup.

Bolt Grade - f_b

Select the bolt grade (f_b) as per input.

Bolt Yield Strength - Y_b

The default bolt material yield strength (Y_b) is displayed as per selected grade. In case of user defined grade, this input field is enabled to enter bolt yield strength by the user.
↔ Range: 10 to 1000 N/mm² (1.5 to 145 ksi)

Bolt Ultimate Strength - U_b

The default bolt material ultimate strength (U_b) is displayed as per selected grade. In case of user defined grade, this input field is enabled to enter bolt ultimate strength by the user.
↔ Range: 10 to 1000 N/mm² (1.5 to 145 ksi)

Bolt Size - d

Select the bolt size (d) as per input.

No of Anchor Bolts per Pedestal - N_ab

Select the number of anchor bolts per pedestal (N_ab) as per input. The user has option to select either 2 or 4 bolts per pedestal. However, user can enter any number of even bolts. If the number of bolts are more than 2, then the bolts will be placed with maximum 2 of columns per pedestal and as many as number of rows as required to accommodate all bolts.

Spacing in X - Direction - S_x

Enter the spacing in X direction (S_x). This input field is available only for 4 bolts and the dimension is to be as per input and the pedestal size may be modified based on edge distance requirements for anchor bolts. The input is provided in case of 2 bolts, the bolts are placed exactly at the middle of the pedestal.
↔ Range: 200 to 3000 mm (8 to 120 inches)

Spacing in Z - Direction - S_z

Enter the spacing in Z direction (S_z). This input field dimension is to be as per input and the pedestal size may be modified based on edge distance requirements for anchor bolts.
↔ Range: 200 to 20000 mm (8 to 800 inches)

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Load Data

This page allows user to enter load data for wind, seismic, vertical loads on the equipment. The wind and seismic loads are entered based on options (By User / Vendor, By Program, By Both or None) as per user choice. In addition, the user options are not limited to select any one country code or any one option. Example, the wind loads may be entered By User/Vendor option and at the same time the seismic load may be generated By Program or By Both option.
There are also provisions available to provide load distribution input for vertical loads, bundle pull loads and piping thermal loads as per configuration of equipment and based on user’s engineering judgements.

Wind / Seismic Loads

▽ By User / Vendor: Select this option to use wind / seismic loads By User / Vendor. If the information is readily available with user from vendor or any other source, the User / Vendor option is selected. In this case, the actual wind/seismic loads are to be entered under Exchanger Loads or Vessel Loads as applicable.
▽ By Program: Select this option to calculate wind/seismic loads automatically by the program. Use loads by program. The required parameters to calculate automatically by the program are to be entered as per selected country code.
▽ By Both: Select this option to use loads by both user / vendor and program. In this option, the user is provided with both options to enter input. The program calculates and compares shear and moment values with user / vendor input. The maximum values are conservatively used for the calculation. However, based on comparison of user input and program calculated values, the user may take any appropriate decision either to proceed or comment any discrepancies to the vendor or inter-disciplines (source of input) to clarify / rectify before implementation.
▽ None: Select this option to run the calculation without wind or seismic loads as applicable.

▽ Code: Select the appropriate country code to use in case of by program option to calculate wind and seismic loads based on selection of applicable country code.

Wind Load by Program - BS 6399

Click this button to open the wind load by program popup based on British Standard BS 6399.

Effective Length Factor - L_eff

Enter the effective length (L_eff),factor.
↔ Range: 0.5 to 3

Effective Diameter Factor - D_eff

Enter the effective diameter (D_eff),factor.
↔ Range: 0.5 to 3

Standard Diameter Factors:


Effective Height Factor - H_eff

Enter the effective height (H_eff), factor.
↔ Range: 0.5 to 3

Basic Wind Speed - V

Enter the basic wind speed (V), as per design criteria as applicable to the country code. This value shall be carefully decided by the user based on customer input as applicable to the selected country code to avoid any mistake.
↔ Range: 10 to 500 m/s (30 to 1700 mph)

Site Altitude - Δ_s

Enter the site altitude (Δ_s) based on available information with reference to Mean Sea Level (MSL).
↔ Range: 10 to 500 m (0 to 1700 ft)

Closest Distance to Sea Upwind - D_sw

Enter the closest distance to sea upwind (D_sw) based on available input.
↔ Range: 10 to 1000 km (6 to 700 miles)

Site Location

Select the site location. The available options are Country and Town.

Wind Load by Program - EN 1991

Click this button to open the wind load by program popup based on Euro Standard BS EN 1991.

Effective Length Factor - L_eff

Enter the effective length (L_eff),factor.
↔ Range: 0.5 to 3

Effective Diameter Factor - D_eff

Enter the effective diameter (D_eff),factor.
↔ Range: 0.5 to 3

For factors refer 'Standard Diameter Factors' table

Effective Height Factor - H_eff

Enter the effective height (H_eff), factor.
↔ Range: 0.5 to 3

Basic Wind Speed - V

Enter the basic wind speed (V), as per design criteria as applicable to the country code. This value shall be carefully decided by the user based on customer input as applicable to the selected country code to avoid any mistake.
↔ Range: 10 to 500 m/s (30 to 1700 mph)

Terrain Exposure Category

Select the terrain exposure category. The available options are 0, 1, 2, 3 & 4.

Wind Load by Program - ASCE 7

Click this button to open the wind load by program popup based on ASCE 7 - 2005, 2010 & 2016.

Effective Length Factor - L_eff

Enter the effective length (L_eff),factor.
↔ Range: 0.5 to 3

Effective Diameter Factor - D_eff

Enter the effective diameter (D_eff),factor.
↔ Range: 0.5 to 3

For factors refer 'Standard Diameter Factors' table

Effective Height Factor - H_eff

Enter the effective height (H_eff), factor.
↔ Range: 0.5 to 3

Basic Wind Speed - V

Enter the basic wind speed (V), as per design criteria as applicable to the country code. This value shall be carefully decided by the user based on customer input as applicable to the selected country code to avoid any mistake.
↔ Range: 10 to 500 m/s (30 to 1700 mph)

Terrain Exposure Category

Select the terrain exposure category. The available options are B, C & D.

Importance Category

Select the importance category. The available options are 0, 1, 2, 3 & 4.

Structure Shape

Select the shape of the structure.

Surface Type

Enter the type of the surface. The available options are Moderate Smooth, Rough and Very Rough Surfaces.

Topography Condition

Select the topography condition. The available options are Ridges, Escarpments, Hill & Cliff.

Wind Direction

Select the wind direction. The available options are up wind and down wind.

Site Altitude - Δ_s

Enter the site altitude (Δ_s) based on available information with reference to Mean Sea Level (MSL).
↔ Range: 10 to 500 m (0 to 1700 ft)

Distance of Upwind Crest - L_h

Enter the distance of upwind crest.
↔ Range: 10 to 500 m (30 to 1700 ft)

Distance Form Crest to Site - SL

Enter the distance from crest to site.
↔ Range: 1 to 500 m (3 to 1700 ft)

Seismic Load by Program (ASCE / IBC)

Click this button to open the seismic load by program popup based on ASCE-7 – 2005, 2010 & 2016 AND IBC 2018.

Site Class

Select the site class. The available options are A, B, C, D, E & F.

Spectral Acceleration 0.2 Sec - S_s

Enter the spectral acceleration at 0.2 second.
↔ Range: 0.2 to 10

Spectral Acceleration 1 Sec - S₁

Enter the spectral acceleration at 1 second.
↔ Range: 0.2 to 10

Short Period Site Coefficient - F_a

Enter the site coefficient for short period.
↔ Range: 0.1 to 5

Long Period Site Coefficient - F_v

Enter the spectral acceleration for long period.
↔ Range: 0.1 to 5

Importance Factor - I

Enter the importance factor.
↔ Range: 0.5 to 5

Long Period Transition - T_L

Enter the long period transition.
↔ Range: 0 to 60 sec

Natural Frequency (Hz)

▽ By Program: Select this option to calculate natural frequency automatically by the program.
▽ By User: Select this option to enter natural frequency manually at the corresponding input.
↔ Range: 0.5 to 100 Hz

☐   Snow Loads: Check this option to consider any loads due to snow on the equipment. This check box facility is kept outside before to enter exchanger/vessel load menu option in order to receive an input if applicable. If it is unchecked, the same shall not be editable by the user.

Exchanger Loads / Vessel Loads

Click this button to open the exchanger loads / vessel loads popup to enter input for all vertical loads and associated forces / moments. Loads are entered as force in X, Y, Z directions and moment about X (longitudinal axis) and Z (transverse axis) directions.
The standard sign conventions are followed as shown in load page.

Fabricated Erection Weight - D_fa
Enter the fabricated erection weight (D_fa) for the exchanger/vessel. In case of stacked exchangers, the total fabricated weight of all exchangers is entered in the input field against F_y.

Applicable eccentric loading and moments during erection case shall be added in this row. A load of an additional 20% of applied fabricated erection weight for exchangers with diameters less than 600mm (24 inches) or 10% of applied fabricated erection weight for exchangers with diameters equal to or greater than 600mm (24 inches) and for vessels with irrespective of any diameters as a default value shall be considered as per clause 4.2.1.2 of PIP STE03360-2007.

This eccentricity moment value is entered in the input field against M_x.
↔ Range: -100000 to 100000

Empty Weight - D_e
Enter the empty weight (D_e) of the exchanger / vessel. In case of stacked exchangers, the total empty weight of all exchangers is entered in the input field against Fy. The empty weight of the exchanger / vessel excluding all attachments, trays, internals, bundle, insulation, fireproofing, agitators, piping, ladders, platforms, etc..,

Applicable eccentric loading and moments during empty case shall be added in this row. A load of an additional 20% of applied empty weight for exchangers with diameters less than 600mm (24 inches) or 10% of applied empty weight for exchangers with diameters equal to or greater than 600mm (24 inches) and for vessels with irrespective of any diameters as a default value shall be considered as per clause 4.2.1.2 of PIP STE03360-2007.

This eccentricity moment value is entered in the input field against Mx.
↔ Range: -100000 to 100000

Operating Weight - D_o
Enter the operating weight (D_o) for the exchanger /vessel, which includes the self-weight of the exchanger or vessel pus the maximum weight of contents (including packing/catalyst) during normal operation. In case of stacked exchangers, the total operating weight of all exchangers is entered in the input field against Fy.

Applicable eccentric loading and moments during operating case shall be added in this row. A load of an additional 20% of applied operating weight for exchangers with diameters less than 600mm (24 inches) or 10% of applied operating weight for exchangers with diameters equal to or greater than 600mm (24 inches) and for vessels with irrespective of any diameters as a default value shall be considered as per clause 4.2.1.2 of PIP STE03360-2007.

This eccentricity moment value is entered in the input field against Mx.
↔ Range: -100000 to 100000

Test Weight - D_t
Enter the test weight (D_t) for the horizontal vessel, which includes the self-weight of the vessel pus the maximum weight of test or cleaning contents during test case. This vertical load is entered in the input field against Fy. The test load is not applicable to heat exchangers.

Applicable eccentric loading and moments during test case shall be added in this row. A load of an additional 10% of applied test weight for vessels with irrespective of any diameters as a default value shall be considered as per clause 4.2.1.2 of PIP STE03360-2007.

This eccentricity moment value is entered in the input field against Mx.
↔ Range: -100000 to 100000

All these additional eccentric loading under all applicable load cases should be applied at a perpendicular horizontal distance maximum of (D1 /2 or D2 /2) plus 450mm (18 inches) from the longitudinal centre line of the vessel. Where D1 or D2 is the diameter exchanger / vessel which is equal to Vessel Inside Diameter + 2 times the wall thickness + 2 times the insulation thickness. This additional eccentric load and moment caused by eccentric load are distributed to each pedestal as per vertical load distribution. In case of stacked exchangers, 50% of the total weight of all exchangers are considered using maximum diameter of the exchangers for all calculations.

Live Load - L
Enter the live load (L) for the exchanger / vessel as per input based on platforms mounted on the equipment. In the absence of information, the recommended live loads as per PIP for access platforms is 2.87 kN/m² (60 psf) and for operating platforms is 4.79 kN/m² (100 psf) unless otherwise specified.

Live Load Intensity x Area of the platform shall be entered in this row

The uniform area load is multiplied with effective platform area to apply as a concentrated load to enter against the input field F_y.
↔ Range: -100000 to 100000

Equipment Thermal Load - F_t
Thermal load due to equipment is automatically calculated by the program based on user input. Thermal load is generated due to change in Atmospheric Temperature variations or due to change in the operating temperature of the equipment with respect to installation temperature. Horizontal exchanger or vessel foundation is designed to resist the load effects produced by thermal expansion or contraction of the equipment. The governing thermal load shall be lesser of the following.

• The force required to deflect the support or foundation pedestal / pier an amount equal to half of the thermal growth between the exchanger or vessel saddles.
F_df = (3 * Delta * E_c * I_f) / (2 * H_f³)
F_ds = (3 * Delta * E_c * I_s) / (2 * H_s³)

• The force required to overcome static friction at the sliding surface between the bottom of the exchanger or vessel saddle and the support or foundation pier/pedestal at the sliding end of the exchanger or vessel. The Friction loads caused by thermal expansion shall be determined using the appropriate static coefficient of friction (Saddle to Pedestal). The friction coefficient shall be provided as an input based on type material surfaces used at the bottom of saddle surface.
F_r = μ_slide * D_o
Thermal load (F_t) = min (F_df, F_ds, F_r)
F_t= Thermal load
F_df = Force from thermal expansion / contraction required to deflect fixed end pedestal
F_ds = Force from thermal expansion / contraction required to deflect sliding end pedestal
μ_slide = Friction Coefficient (Saddle to Pedestal)
D_o = Operating Load on Sliding end pedestal
Δ = Total Growth between exchanger or vessel (Expansion or Contraction)
E_c = Modulus of elasticity of concrete
H_f & H_s = Fixed and sliding end Pedestal heights, respectively.
I_f & I_s = Fixed and sliding end Pedestal moment of inertia, respectively.

Piping Thermal Load - P_TL
Enter the total piping thermal load (P_TL) and % piping thermal load distribution for the exchanger / vessel as per piping discipline input. In the absence of information, a minimum of 5 kN per pedestal shall be applied in the transverse direction. It means that the input field is to be filled with 10 kN and in the piping thermal load distribution of 50 % is to be entered to distribute 5 kN per pedestal. This load is entered in the input field F_z.
This piping thermal load in the transverse direction is assumed to act at the centerline of the equipment axis. Hence, a moment due to this lateral load is also to be calculated and applied in the input field M_x.
↔ Range: -100000 to 100000

Bundle Weight - D_bundle
Enter the bundle weight (D_bundle) of the exchanger to be removed during maintenance. The bundle weight is not applicable to horizontal vessels. This is a vertical load and is entered in input field against F_y.
↔ Range: -100000 to 100000

As per clause 4.1.8.1 of PIP STC01015-2017, Bundle Pull applied at centre line of the top of the exchanger shall be entered in this row as a weight of the bundle (not less than 9.0kN) and need not be greater than the total weight of the exchanger. The program will convert this value as a Bundle Pull (B_p) for both fixed / sliding ends as shear and push/pull axial forces based on % of bundle weight as a pull force to be considered.

Exchanger Head (Channel) Weight - D_bundle
Enter the weight of exchanger head (channel) (D_bundle) as per input.
↔ Range: -100000 to 100000

As per clause 4.3.3.2 of PIP STE03360-2007, The weight of the exchanger head (channel) shall be in the range of 8% to 15 % of empty weight of the exchanger. The empty weight of equipment may be reduced owing to the removal of exchanger head.

Wind Load in Transverse (W_TZ) Dir.
This wind load input field is enabled when the user selects wind load by vendor / user or by both. Enter the transverse wind load in Z direction (W_TZ) as per input. The saddle to pedestal connection is considered as fixed for transverse loads applied in the transverse direction.

As per clause 4.3.1 of PIP STE03360-2007, Wind Load on each saddle / pedestal in Transverse Direction shall be entered in this row as a shear (F_z) and moment (M_x). These values are applied at each support level as per the input provided by the user.

↔ Range: -100000 to 100000
In case of program calculated wind load option in transverse direction, the total wind force is calculated at the centre line of the equipment level. The total wind force is further transferred as a wind shear and moment at the support level. These values are distributed in a proportion to vertical load distribution for both fixed / sliding ends.

Wind Load in Longitudinal (W_LX) Dir.
This wind load input field is enabled when the user selects wind load by vendor / user or by both. Enter the longitudinal wind load in X direction (W_LX) as per input. The saddle to pedestal connection is considered as pinned for longitudinal loads applied in the longitudinal direction.
↔ Range: -100000 to 100000

As per clause 4.3.1 of PIP STE03360-2007, Wind Load on each saddle/pedestal in Longitudinal Direction shall be entered in this row as a shear (F_x) and axial (F_y). These values are applied at each support level as per the input provided by the user.

In case of program calculated wind load option in longitudinal direction, the total wind force is calculated at the centre line of the equipment level. The total wind force is further transferred as a wind shear and axial forces (push / pull) at the support level.
The wind force is distributed to fixed end based on the friction developed to resist at the sliding ends. In case, the user wants to design the fixed end pedestal/footing for total wind force, the sliding friction coefficient may be taken as “zero”. However, the user shall note that other longitudinal forces (wind / seismic) are also distributed/transferred according to the friction coefficient as defined.
The portion of the wind force for the design of sliding end pedestal/footing is the minimum of friction force developed or half of the wind shear calculated by the program.
The wind load is applied at the center of the exchanger in the longitudinal direction and is transferred to the support as a shear and push/pull forces. If the wind direction is from Fixed End to Sliding End (as a default applicable case), the push force is applied on the sliding end support and the pull force is applied on the fixed end support. In case user prefers to change the direction from Sliding End to Fixed End for any reasons (ECHORVES is not limiting the user to exercise any option), the pull force is applied on the sliding end support and the push force is applied on the fixed end support.

Seismic Load in Transverse (E_TZ) Dir.
This seismic load input field is enabled when the user selects seismic load by vendor / user or by both. Enter the transverse seismic load in Z direction (E_TZ) as per input. The saddle to pedestal connection is considered as fixed for transverse loads applied in the transverse direction.

As per clause 4.3.2 of PIP STE03360-2007, Equipment Earthquake Load on each saddle/pedestal in Transverse Direction shall be entered in this row as a shear (F_z) and moment (M_x). These values are applied at each support level as per the input provided by the user.

↔ Range: -100000 to 100000
In case of program calculated seismic load option in transverse direction, the total seismic force is calculated at the centre line of the equipment level. The total seismic force is further transferred as a seismic shear and moment at the support level. These values are distributed in a proportion to vertical load distribution for both fixed / sliding ends.

Seismic Load in Longitudinal (E_LX) Dir.
This seismic load input field is enabled when the user selects seismic load by vendor/user or by both. Enter the longitudinal seismic load in X direction (E_LX) as per input. The saddle to pedestal connection is considered as pinned for longitudinal loads applied in the longitudinal direction.

As per clause 4.3.2 of PIP STE03360-2007, Equipment Load on each saddle/pedestal in Longitudinal Direction shall be entered in this row as a shear (Fx) and axial (Fy). These values are applied at each support level as per the input provided by the user.

↔ Range: -100000 to 100000
In case of program calculated seismic load option in longitudinal direction, the total seismic force is calculated at the centre line of the equipment level. The total seismic force is further transferred as a seismic shear and moment at the support level. These values are distributed as per following concept as explained in clause 4.3.2.3 of PIP STE03360-2007.
As per clause 4.3.2.3 of PIP STE03360-2007, in case of Isolated Foundation design, if the friction coefficient is less than or equal to 0.2, all the longitudinal earthquake loads (100%) is applied to fixed end pedestal and 30% of the earthquake load is applied at sliding end of the pedestal. If the friction coefficient is greater than 0.2, 70% of the earthquake loads is applied to fixed end pedestal and 50% of the earthquake load is applied to sliding end pedestal.
However, in case of Combined Foundation, if the friction coefficient is less than or equal to 0.2, all the longitudinal earthquake loads (100%) is applied to fixed end pedestal and 0% of the earthquake load is applied at sliding end of the pedestal. If the friction coefficient is greater than 0.2, 70% of the earthquake loads is applied to fixed end pedestal and 30% of the earthquake load is applied to sliding end pedestal.

Load Distribution

The Exchanger / Vessel vertical loads, Bundle Pull Force, Piping Thermal Loads, Wind / Seismic program calculated values are for entire equipment. Hence, the total loads are distributed to supports as per user load distribution percentage.

Percentage of Load on Fixed End / Sliding End / Sliding Mid
Enter the percentage of vertical load to be distributed on the fixed end.
↔ Range: 0 to 100 %

Percentage of Bundle Weight as Pull Force
Enter the percentage of bundle weight as pull force. In addition, a drop-down facility is available to select the direction (Fixed End to Sliding End or Sliding End to Fixed End) of the Bundle Pull Force to be applied on the exchanger foundation design. This bundle pull force is not applicable to Horizontal Vessel Foundation design. The bundle pull force is distributed to fixed end based on the friction developed to resist at the sliding ends. In case, the user wants to design the fixed end pedestal/footing for total bundle pull force, the sliding friction coefficient may be taken as “zero”. However, the user shall note that other longitudinal forces (wind/seismic) are also distributed/transferred according to the friction coefficient as defined. The portion of the bundle pull force for the design of sliding end pedestal/footing is the minimum of friction force developed or half of the bundle pull load applied.
The bundle pull load is applied at the center of the exchanger in the longitudinal direction and is transferred to the support as a shear and push/pull forces. If the bundle pull direction is from Fixed End to Sliding End (as a default applicable case), the push force is applied on the sliding end support and the pull force is applied on the fixed end support. In case user prefers to change the direction from Sliding End to Fixed End for any reasons (ECHORVES is not limiting the user to exercise any option), the pull force is applied on the sliding end support and the push force is applied on the fixed end support.
In case of stacked exchanger, the bundle pull force is considered at the centre line of the topmost exchanger longitudinal axis direction.
↔ Range: 0 to 200 %

As per clause 4.1.8.1 of PIP STC01015-2017, 100% of the bundle weight shall be considered as a Bundle Pull. Need not be less than 9.0kN (2,000lb) and need not be greater than total weight of the exchanger. The bundle pull design load need not be greater than the total weight of the exchanger.

Percentage of Piping Thermal Load in Fixed End
Enter the percentage of piping thermal load in the fixed end to be considered. In this case, the remaining percentage of piping thermal is considered in the sliding end support.
↔ Range: 0 to 100 %

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Load Combinations

This page allows the user to select load combinations as per applicable country code.

Load Combinations

Select the country code by which load combinations have to be considered. Select user-defined, to enter combinations manually, as per preference of the user.

The following are the list of country codes available for auto combinations:

• BS 8110
• EN 1992
• ASCE 2005
• ASCE 2010
• ASCE 2016
• Additional Load Combinations

Change in Empty/ Operating/ Test Wt.

Enter the percentage of change in empty / operating and test weights to add additional load combinations. The default value of “zero” will ensure that no more additional combinations are added for checking. In case of non-zero values, additional load combinations are added as like original load combinations to design the foundation based on increased load weights.
↔ Range: 0 to 100 %

As per clause 4.2.1.2 of PIP STE03360-2007, 20% increase of empty/operating weights for exchangers diameter less than 24" inches and 10% increase for exchangers diameter greater than or equal to 24 inches. 10% increase of empty/operating/test weights for horizontal vessels.

Service Load Combinations

Click this button to open the pop-up dialog to define the service load combinations. This is a spreadsheet type input dialog - right click on the spreadsheet to add or delete rows. Alternatively, the user can copy and paste data from an external source such as Microsoft Excel.

Displays the service load combinations as per the country code selected.
In case of different service load combination is required, the user-defined option is to be selected to create new service load combination as required by the user.
↔ Range: -10 to 10

Ultimate Load Combinations

Click this button to open the pop-up dialog to define the ultimate load combinations. This is a spreadsheet type input dialog - right click on the spreadsheet to add or delete rows. Alternatively, the user can copy and paste data from an external source such as Microsoft Excel.

Displays the ultimate load combinations as per the code selected.
In case of different ultimate load combination is required, the user-defined option is to be selected to create new ultimate load combination as required by the user.
↔ Range: -20 to 20

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Design Setting

Setting for various Design Data such as Soil, Reinforced Concrete, Passive Resistance, Material Partial Safety Factors, Stability Safety Factors and Crack Width are presented in this section. This setting pop-up can be accessed by clicking the bottom panel below the left navigation menu.

Soil

Soil properties and parameters shall be referred from the geotechnical report or foundation philosophy or civil/structural design basis documents of the respective project.

Allowable Increase of SBC (%)

↔ Range: -100 to 200 %

Allowable Net Bearing Pressure - SBC

↔ Range: 25 to 1000 kN/m²

Contact Percentage - C_p

↔ Range: 10 to 100 %

Density of Soil - γ_soil

↔ Range: 10 to 40 kN/m³

Density of Ground Water - γ_w

↔ Range: 5 to 15 kN/m³

Angle of Internal Friction - Φ

↔ Range: 0 to 60 deg

Coefficient of Friction

↔ Range: 0.05 to 1.5

Ground Water Table depth below ground - μ

↔ Range: 0 to 10000 mm

Pile

Pile properties and parameters such are dimension, spacing, working load, density are provided in this section.

Pile Size - P_size

↔ Range: 100 to 3000 mm (4 to 120 inch)

Working Load Compression / Tension / Lateral - P_alc / P_alt / P_all

↔ Range: 10 to 100000 kN (2 to 22500 kips)

Density of Soil - γ_soil

↔ Range: 10 to 40 kN/m³ (60 to 250 pcf)

Density of Ground Water - γ_w

↔ Range: 5 to 15 kN/m³ (30 to 100 pcf)

Reinforced Concrete Properties (BS 8110)

Density of Concrete - γ_conc

↔ Range: 10 to 40 kN/m³

Modulus of Elasticity of Steel - E_s

↔ Range: 50 to 300 kN/mm²

Strength of Concrete - f_cu

↔ Range: 15 to 100 N/mm²

Strength of Reinforcement - f_y

↔ Range: 150 to 2000 N/mm²

Strength of Links - f_yv

↔ Range: 150 to 2000 N/mm²

Reinforced Concrete Properties (BS EN 1992-1-1)

Density of Concrete - γ_conc

↔ Range: 10 to 40 kN/m³

Modulus of Elasticity of Steel - E_s

↔ Range: 50 to 300 kN/mm²

Compressive Cylinder Strength - f_ck

↔ Range: 15 to 100 N/mm²

Main / Shear Reinforcement Grade - f_yk / f_yv

↔ Range: 150 to 2000 N/mm²

Cement Type - C_type

Select the cement type.

Reinforced Concrete Properties (ACI 318M)

Density of Concrete - γ_conc

↔ Range: 10 to 40 kN/m³ (60 to 250 pcf)

Modulus of Elasticity of Steel - E_s

↔ Range: 50 to 300 kN/mm² (7000 to 45000 ksi)

Compressive Strength of Concrete - f'_c

↔ Range: 15 to 100 N/mm² (1 to 15 ksi)

Yield Strength of Reinforcement - f_y

↔ Range: 150 to 2000 N/mm² (20 to 300 ksi)

Concrete Modification Factor - λ

↔ Range: 0.75 to 1

Passive Resistance

Passive Resistance

☐   Include Passive Resistance: Select if passive resistance is to be considered. Other options in the following have no effect if this is not selected.

Pedestal Resistance

☉ None: Select this option if passive resistance is not to be considered on pedestals.
☉ Unshielded Pedestals: Select this option if passive resistance is to be considered on pedestals which are fully or partially exposed to soil passive pressure without being shielded by others pedestals ahead in the direction of the shear force.
☉ All Pedestals: Select this option if passive Resistance is to be considered on pedestals irrespective of the shielding condition from other pedestals. User can select this option if it is presumed that all pedestals are fully effective in offering the passive resistance.

Other

☐   Passive Resistance on Overturning: Select this option if passive resistance is to be considered in resisting overturning. (By default, only sliding is considered).
☐   Mobilized Passive Pressure for Design: Select this option if pedestals are to be designed for mobilized passive forces (Passive force generated due to applied shear forces).

Material Partial Safety Factors

Enter the material safety factors on selection of British or European Standard and Design Unit from Design Option.

Flexure/Compression / Concrete in Shear / Reinforcement
γ_mc, γ_mcs, γ_ms
↔ Range: 1 to 2

Stability Safety Factors

F.O.S against Sliding / Overturning / Uplift
γ_slide, γ_over, γ_UP

↔ Range: 1 to 5

Crack Width

☐   Check for Crack Width: Check this option to consider crack width.

Check For

☐   All Load Combinations (SLS): Select this option to check crack width for all load combinations.
☐   Sustained Load Combinations (SLS): Select this option to check crack width for sustained load combinations.

Allowable Crack Width - W_c

↔ Range: 0.05 to 0.6

National Annex

Select the National Annex after selecting the European Standard in Design Option.

Nation
Select the National Annex option for the relevant factors to be considered in the design.

α_cc
Enter the value for the User Defined National Annex option. For other options, this is not editable.
↔ Range: 0.7 to 1.2

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Error Handling

Errors and Warnings are generated to prevent any inadvertent error in the input data. This section describes how to handle the errors and warnings. These errors are displayed at the bottom of the input page when the data in one or more input fields invalidate each other.